*after a 14-day withdrawal period.

An important piece to take away from the study itself that the article didn’t mention:

It should also be noted that, overall, NCD (non-coffee drinking) participants appear to benefit from lower impulsivity and emotional reactivity, better cognitive stability, reduced inflammation risk, more stable blood pressure, distinct and potentially healthier gut microbiota and metabolite profiles and avoidance of caffeine withdrawal symptoms. These advantages may stem from the absence of a stimulant such as caffeine, allowing for the preservation of endogenous neurophysiological rhythms and homeostatic regulatory mechanisms, thereby promoting greater stability in cognitive, metabolic, and immunological function.