Since the 70s. It was in an act signed by Nixon.

FWIW, at this point, that study would be horribly outdated. It was done in 2022, which means it probably took place in early 2022 or 2021. The models used for coding have come a long way since then, the study would essentially have to be redone on current models to see if that’s still the case.

The people’s perceptions have probably not changed, but if the code is actually insecure would need to be reassessed