I think we fundamentally don’t agree on what “tangent” means. You can use
x=f(θ)cosθ, y=f(θ)sinθ to compute dydx
as taken from the textbook, giving you a tangent line in the terms used in polar coordinates. I think your line of reasoning would lead to r=1 in polar coordinates being a line, even though it’s a circle with radius 1.
You’re using the derivative of a polar equation as the basis for what a tangent line is. But as the textbook explains, that doesn’t give you a tangent line or describe the slope at that point. I never bothered defining what “tangent” means, but since this seems so important to you why don’t you try coming up with a reasonable definition?