There’s a 2023 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology where they gave adults who self-reported non-coeliac gluten sensitivity gluten-free bread but said it had gluten in it and around 40% of them got matching symptoms. However actual gluten intake, by itself, produced little additional effect once expectancy was accounted for.
There’s a 2023 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology where they gave adults who self-reported non-coeliac gluten sensitivity gluten-free bread but said it had gluten in it and around 40% of them got matching symptoms. However actual gluten intake, by itself, produced little additional effect once expectancy was accounted for.